Spirited Horses

On the Treatment of Spirited Horses:

This chapter seems almost like a concession to a stubborn reader, as Xenophon repeatedly insists that it is best not to buy a spirited or lazy horse at all. Nevertheless, he does offer advice on the handling of such animals.

In essence, he advises the rider to be gentle with a spirited horse, for suddenness can startle or anger the animal. He also recommends long, sustained rides to help tire and calm the horse. One should not race a spirited horse because it will excite him.

The smooth bit is recommended. If a harsh bit is used, it should be handled very lightly so as not to jolt the horse.

The rider should have a quiet seat and teach the horse to respond to spoken commands rather than legs and hand. He must also be able to calm the horse by voice.

Xenophon reiterates that a spirited horse is a poor choice for war, then closes with the statement that the opposite strategies are needed in working with a lazy horse.